Simple Pendulum Lab

The Simple Pendulum Objective and Background Objective The Objective of this experiment is to witness the simple harmonic movement and to determine the value of the speedup repayable to sobriety from the analysis of the period of the simple pendulum. 1 Background There be three equations that will be employ to calculate the period of motion of the simple pendulum. They are the careen of the margin of the represent of T? against L, and the gravity of the pendulum motion.The period of the motion is the meter needed for one complete one shot that a pendulum bob swing from the initial position to the other end, and thence back to the initial position. 1 The equation to calculate period is, T = 2? Lg Where, T = Period of the motion, thrifty in s. L = Length of the pendulum, measured in cm. g = Acceleration callable(p) to gravity, measured in m/s2. The slope of the tie in the representical record of T? against L enkindle be used to determine the gravity of the pendulum mo tion. It is because, y = mx m = T? L= 4 g = Slope of the line in the graph T? /L. Therefore, to find the gravity of the pendulum motion, we can use the slope of the graph.The slope of the graph is give by the formula, g = 4 m g = Acceleration due to gravity, measured in m/s?. Procedure and Observations Materials * String * Metre Stick * S slide by watch * yield * Pendulum bob Procedure 1) Materials listed above were taken for the experiment. 2) The pendulum bob was tied tightly with the draw. 3) The string with the pendulum bob was hung on the stand. ) A meter stick was used to measure the distance between the centre of mass of the bob and the top of the string. 5) The distance was recorded in the observation table. 6) The pendulum ball was held at a distance from the centre and it was released. 8) A stop watch was used to time the time needed to complete ten cycles. 9) The time was recorded in the observation table. 10) Steps 4-7 were repeated four more(prenominal) times with antithetical lengths. Observations L (m) 10T (s) 0. 185 9. 01 0. 39 14. 13 0. 595 15. 04 0. 79 17. 58 1 19. 67Diagram of the Pendulum Figure 1 Calculations and Results Method 1 Graph of T2 vs. L Data collected L(m) T2(s2) 0. 18 0. 81 0. 39 1. 99 0. 59 2. 37 0. 79 3. 09 1 3. 86 Hand hurtlen graph ?x ?y Figure 2 The slope can be determined by m=? x? y. So, by taking a value for x x = 0. 4 cm y must(prenominal) then be y = 1. 4 cm m= 1. 4 cm0. 4 cm m=3. 5 The error would be given by ?mm= ? x1x12+ ? x2x22 ?m= m 0. 051. 42+ 0. 050. 42 ?m= 3. 5 0. 051. 42+ 0. 050. 42 ?m=0. 45 The acceleration due to gravity is given by g=4? 2m g=4? 23. 5 g=4? 23. 5 g=11. m/s2 calculative the error for g would yield ?gg= ? mm2 ?g= g 0. 453. 52 ?g= 11. 30. 453. 52 ?g= 1. 45 m/s2 g=11. 3 m/s2 1. 45 m/s2 answer for the percentage excursion would give % remainder= Actual value-Expected valueExpected value* nose candy% Expected value=9. 8 m/s2 % leaving= 11. 3 m/s2-9. 8 m/s29. 8 m/s2*100% % devia tion= 11. 3 m/s2-9. 8 m/s29. 8 m/s2*100% % deviation= 15. 3% Method 2 elongate Regression Excel graph Figure 3 The equation of the line is given by T2 = 3. 53L + 0. 33 Where m=3. 53 The acceleration due to gravity is given by =4? 2m g=4? 23. 53 g=4? 23. 53 g=11. 1 m/s2 Solving for the percentage deviation would give % deviation= Actual value-Expected valueExpected value* 100% Expected value=9. 8 m/s2 % deviation= 11. 1 m/s2-9. 8 m/s29. 8 m/s2*100% % deviation= 11. 1 m/s2-9. 8 m/s29. 8 m/s2*100% % deviation= 13. 2% Conclusion By comparing these 2 methods of shrewd the acceleration due to gravity it is clearly noticeable that at that place is a divergence between the two, when it comes to the accuracy. When calculating g using the hand drawn graph method it yielded =11. m/s2 1. 45 m/s2. However, when using the additive turnaround method on excel, it yielded g=11. 1 m/s2. This is clearly immediate to the expected value of 9. 8 m/s2. There are several(prenominal) reasons contr ibuting to the conclusion that additive regression is more accurate, than measuring calculating the slope off of a hand drawn graph. First of all, computing machines are much more accurate than adult male. There is no denying the fact that humans are not perfect and no hand drawn graph will be as precise as a computer drawn graph.A ruler was macrocosm used, which may lead to believe that the line is perfectly straight, whereas it is actually not. This is clearly noticeable when one zooms in on a hand drawn graph. Another problem with the ruler is that no matter how hard one tries to measure the distance between two different points, one will never be able to tie the exact distance. Computers however, Excel in this case, draw perfectly straight lines. as well as the location of line of best fit line, in the hand drawn part of the experiment, was estimated, which obviously leads to an inaccurate result.Excel however, uses the calculation of bilinear regression to draw the line of best fit and this is extremely accurate, since the exact slope is being calculated by Excel. It is clear that the method of linear regression is more accurate by looking at the percentage deviations for each method. The % deviation for the hand drawn graph yielded 15. 3%, whereas the percentage deviation for the linear regression method only was 13. 2% Even though the linear regression method was more accurate than the hand drawn method, there was still a pretty significant difference, between that value, namely g=11. m/s2, and the expected value of 9. 8 m/s2. This is due to a few sources of error when this experiment was conducted. One of the errors that contributed to this difference was that the length of the string was not exactly measured. Thus, the relation between the length and the period was wrong, leadership to false results. Another reason that contributed to the inaccuracy was the fact that when the bob was not vacillation the way it was supposed to. It was only sup posed to bewilder a linear motion, but it had a slight circular motion, which of course lead to a longer period.This again resulted in a wrong relation between the period and the length, leading to a wrong result. There was another major(ip) aspect to the experiment that lead to this result. Namely the fact one could not tell where the bob actually started its swinging motion exactly thereof the exact period could not be measured with the stopwatch. It is evident however, that if these errors could have been avoided, the acceleration due to gravity could have been calculated very accurately using the method of linear regression. References 1 PCS 125 Laboratory Manual, 2008

Children and Young People Development

1. 1 Describe the judge pattern of barbarianren and upstart pluralitys instruction from birth to 19 years, to include * Physical ripening, communication training, intellectual development social, emotional and behavioral development. 0-3 months from birth a babys physical and progress development pass on improve than any(prenominal) other age. They will deem some(prenominal) different reasons but this will be very limited, these include avaricious (wrapping fingers just ab kayoed things they touch) rooting (will abet them find milk threw the nipple by moving head and using touch and if held with their feet firmly to the floor they will copy stepping movements.As they age they will be travel along much confident with this movement and look to a greater extent relaxed and fifty-fifty move their head more when they fore realise movement and light. * 6-9 months usu anyy play with feet (put them in mouth etc), and cruise around furniture 1. 2 describe with samples how different aspects od development en smorgasbordle instill unrivalled another. The parts of development do not formulate man-to-manly-they are linked this is why we talk about general development. steady when aiming on one aspect of development, it is very crucial not to parry we are viewing at a soul or baby and young people.They wishing to develop umpteen a(prenominal) different abilities and these interest more than one spot of development. For example, from every early age parental or carer communication and encouragement is very important for a child. It can help the child grow and develop in all aspects physical, emotional, behavior, social, communication and intellect. A child, who has little communication, is UN cared for or has negative social experiences. In these early development years whitethorn be place a lonely individual have hard-foughty communicating with others and lack in self-esteem.They whitethorn have unhopeful expectations of themselves busines s sectoring school and catch outing, which could string to poor results in school which in exercise could affect their confidence even further. Children from a poverty stricken orbit or deprive background could be affected in many way, environmental, financial Situation an wellness beds, can all be related. For example their home may be overcrowded and they could be neglected as an individual, the family could be struggling financially a problem which puts pressure on the parents qualification tension within the family.Absence of money may mean lack of intellectual nourishment for the family, going on to poor nutrition. Some children might feel on a lower floor pressure from peers to have certain brands of clothing. Shoes etc. , they might not be able to keep up with the latest technology and this could premise bullying, shortage of self-esteem. 2. 1 describe with examples the kinds of influences that effect children and young peoples development including * Background * He alth * Environment There are many issues that affect the healthy growth and development of children.These issues Work in classification and so it is OFTEN difficult to approximate the impact of any exclusive issues on general child development Background pupils may come from a large variety of different family environment, culture, and conditions for example their parents may come from a foreign country and have different religious beliefs. This may affect the child as will be taught something different as home and school may be teaching something else and this may discomfit the child. There may also be a expression issue as the child may speak the parents language at home and may have problems speaking English at school.Health poor health or physical dis top executive can affect the children development. There are many genetic disorders which instance development. Examples children with D receives syndrome often have learning difficulties which can affect their understanding an d their ability to communicate with others. * Poor nutrition and lack of sleep will start a lack of energy and may results in aggressive behaviour and an inability to form relationships. Environment poverty and poor housing conditions may affect childrens feelings or self-esteem.Examples, children who live in overcrowded homes or in passing bed and breakfast accommodation may have few opportunities to play with other children and may feel cut off beca intake they see themselves as different. Childrens whose family are travellers might not uphold in one area long enough to form friendships. in any case childrens education is badly disrupted when families are moved from one place to another. Pollution of the environment could have a evident kind on the health and development of children and young people. the three main principals threats to health are water defilement, air pollution and noise pollution.Children are specifically exposed to air pollution. This is partly because th ey have a huge lung heighten area in comparison to their small body size this fashion that they soak up toxic substances faster than adults do and are poky to charter them out of their body. The effects of air pollution from factory chimneys, the use of chemical insecticides and car exhausts include * Lead poisoning- this is caused by various things such(prenominal) as by vehicle exhaust fumes. Childrens ability to learn can easily be effected by just even the lowest levels of lead in the blood. Children especially vulnerable to lead poisoning. bronchial asthma an acting trigger for asthma can be air pollution which can make an existing condition even worse. Traffic foul areas can raise the level of incidence of asthma. 2. 2 describe with examples the splendor of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young peoples development. A practitioner should have a go at it when a child or young persons development is not succeeding the foreseeable standards. Regu larly the parents will tell their own concern and it is important to reply to these. If you are not responding to these, the problem could get worse.Some children and young people may engage additional help for any reason, at any time, and for any timespan. Some development involvement is temporary such as hearing problems that is corrected by an operation, and there for altogether require temporary help. Concerns about development The following issues can all influence the way in which a child or young person develops holistically * Family situation family failure e. g. division of parents or arrival of a new partner a child or young person being a career of another family member being looked subsequently by the local authority or recently having left care. brotherly or emotional problems grief behavioural difficulties being involved in a bullying situation or subject to some kind of discrimination. * Disability or health call for hearing or ocular damage language and commun ication difficulties autistic spectrum disorder chronic infirmity leading to regular hospitalisation, and conditions requiring a surgical operation. A child or young persons development is giving cause for concern will need to be cloged.Practitioners should try to identify the child or young persons particular developmental needs and reply quickly he sooner the difficulty is recognised the more likely that the provide offered will be affective. The parents or cares should be consulted and the support needed can be bespoke to the individual child or young person. Having observed or compared the child or young person, you need to go down how best their needs can be met. You will need to refer to the related part of normative development to work out which area of development needs to be supported and then decide how this can be done.This involves * Finding out about their interests and opinions Children and young people need to know that their interests and opinions are valued. Thi s means cover respect for their interests and showing that you value their contributions. You can find out from parents and cares about activates most enjoyed by young children. Older people and young children should be referred about their favourites Providing difficult activates children and young people need to feel engaged= in activities. They may find activities to easy for them boring and unexciting.By planning activities that test them, you will be helping them to feel felling of triumph and supporting their progress. * Being prepared to be convertible when setting up activities setting up activities should be an adaptable process. You need to be prepared to alter your plans to take into account the individual favourites of children and young people. In this way you, will promote an =atmosphere= of hope and respect. Also, when you consult a young person about what they want to do at a particular time you can often support him or her to take proprietorship of the activity

Principle of Earth Science Essay

The three shows according from the oldest to the youngest geological fundamental law are granite, basalt and lastly andesite formation. This will discuss about the formation, composition, type of infraction and cooling history of each stages. The granite formation is the oldest stage since granite is formed normally beneath the crust about 1. 5 km up to 50 km reasonableness. Primarily, granite is composed of silicon and alumina about 72. 04% and 14. 42%, respectively. The formation of granite occurs through extreme metasomatism.Through metasomatism, elements are brought out by fluids comparable chiliad and calcium to convert the metamorphic rock to granite. According to Himanshu K. Sachan (1999), granite in the northern Himalaya starts its cooling history at 705 C and continued up to 650 C in the range of 1. 22. 8 kbar. The next stage is the basalt formation. Basalt is composed of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and low amount of silicon, sodium oxide and potassium oxide. The fo rmation of basalt occurs when there is a volcanic eruption both infra or above the. Mostly the formation of basalt occurs underneath the sea.Through the entering of water the magma hardens to form the basalt. Basalt forms between 50km up to 100 km depth within the mantle and 150 km up to 200 km for some high-alumina basalt. The next stage will be andesite. The youngest of the formation is the orthogonal andesite. After basalt, the most common volcanic rock would be he andesite. The main composition of andesite is silica about 57%. Andesite is formed either by frictional crystallization or magma mixing with felsic rhyolitic. Melting and concentration of rock fragments by rising magma to the surface form andesite.

Case Assignment Benzene exposure

Introduction Benzene which is as well cognise as benzol is an organic conflate that is colorless, high gearly flammable and with a sweet odor. It tends to evaporate quickly when left exposed. It is a chemical compound that is publicly create by a natural process much(prenominal) as volcanic formation or forest fires. It is also formed from hydrocarbons. It was said to be present as a comp 1nt of the cig atomic number 18t smoke (ACS, 2008). Some of it physical properties argon a relatively high melting point and high solubility in water.It is mostly hire as a solvent in most chemical industries. It functions ranges from the output of drugs, plastics, synthetic rubber to dyes production where it mostly serves as the precursors of such industrial products. Route of exposure Benzene exposure has a lot of health impact and on that point are mostly three ways in which an individual can be exposed to benzine toxicity, these are inhalational passage, using up and transdermal a bsorption (Media Fact, 2008). Inhalation of benzene is commonly as a result of the breathing of the benzene fumes.Benzene fumes are inhaled easily beca hire benzene is an extremely volatile organic compound and this kind of exposure is one of the deadliest because of it immediate contact with the lung parenchyma. This then elicit a lot neurological symptoms such as headache, dizziness, tachycardia (increase in heart rate), tremors and subsequent death if untreated on time. Benzene ingestion result from eating of benzene squiffy foods or beverages and its noticeable symtoms are neurological while those of transdermal route ordinarily result from contact with the benzene or benzene load materials (Media Fact, 2008).The health problems cause by this route of benzene exposure are erythema (reddening of the skin), scaling dermatitis, suppression of the hematopoietic system and pancytopenia (Media Fact, 2008) Sources of Benzene Exposure The major(ip) sources of human exposure to benze ne are environmental, occupational and consumer products. Benzene is usually released into air from sources resembling gasoline filling stations, underground leakage of petroleum, vehicular exhaust, cigarette smoke, waste products or sewage and some food products.Most of the occupational related benzene exposure are seen mainly in industries like those involve in rubber production, chemical plants, refineries and shipments and retail shops. Other sources involve consumer products that are made of benzene such as glues, adhesives, cigarettes, paint and varnishes e. t. c Short and long term effect The short term effects of benzene exposure are drowsiness, dizziness, headaches, tremors, confusion and unconsciousness (ACS, 2008).The previous symptoms are as a result of exposure of about 700-300ppm while crisp exposure of high dose results in vomiting, irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, narcolepsy, scene and tachycardia. In extreme cases of high dose ingestion death usually r esults. The long term effect of benzene toxicity has been attributed to the interference with the normal blood cell production i. e. the hematopoietic cells. The sequeale of this is anemia and leucopenia. An individual with this pull up stakes be immunocompromised hence such individual will be prone to opportunistic diseases.The long term effect can also be seen to result in reproductive organ dysfunction. Precautionary measures 1. The use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, apron and some early(a) clothing materials. 2. Special training on equipments handling and usage 3. If there is accidental release of the benzene quick evacuation of such science testing ground must be done urgently 4. Proper ventilation of the laboratory References ACS, (2008). Benzene. Prevention and early detection Retrieved Sept 4, 2008 From www. cancer. org/docroot/PED/content/PED_1_3X_Benzene. asp

Climate Change and Its Consequences

Climate change and its consequences have recently grown in importance on political agendasworldwide. CO2 dismissals is ace of the gases that has a dramatic impact on the environmentresulting in rising coastal flooding, reduction in water supplies and increase malnutrition(IEA, 2010).In order to encourage the environment for future generations, a global reduction inCO2 emissions is required along with reduced consumption of non-renewable energyresources. One major CO2 contributor is the becharm celestial sphere, which is responsible for arounda quarter of EU greenhouse gas emissions, making it the assist biggest greenhouse gasemittingsector after energy.While emissions from other sectors are shrinking, those from rapture have change magnitude by 36% since 1990. As a consequence, the European Union has setmandatory emission reduction targets for passenger cars of 95g/km by 2020, which is areduction of 40% compared to 2007. Automobile manufacturers that drop dead to comply face drastic fines.In order to reach these targets and prevent penalty payments for excessemissions, innovational propulsion systems have gained increasing economic aid. Vehicles withelectric propulsion are considered as a promising pick on the pathway towards lowemissionvehicles that could enable the transport sector to reduce emissions significantly.During the last few years, electric vehicles (EV) got more and more attention in national andEuropean policies and public awareness increased significantly.While such(prenominal) effort has beenput in the research and development of e-mobility, less attention has been compensable to consumersacceptance (Yeh, 2007). The majority of consumers still consider EVs as disadvantageouscompared to traditional cars. However, without consumer acceptance in that location will be notechnological shift and long-term success of sustainable transport systems (Wiedmann et al.,2011).Therefore, it is crucial to gain in-depth insights in consumers percep tion towards EVsthat affect preferences for and the adoption of alternative fuelled vehicles.

An Introduction to Sociology Essay

Philip Vernon carried out research studies into contri butions of environmental and genetic factors into intellectual phylogeny in the 1940s and 1950s. He believed that Western IQ tests were unsuitable for non-Western citizenry he also applied the same argument to the use of Western IQ testes deep down different subcultures and tender classes within Western Societies. He verbalise that There is no much(prenominal) thing as culture-fair tests, and never undersurface be (Haralambos p. 747).Vernon developed a hierarchical model of IQ test in the 1950s, which broke down the test into many subcategories. He cerebrate that social class differences occupy some genetic basis. He ground this conclusion on evidence that intelligence of adopted children relate much to the social class of their biological pargonnts than to their adopted parents. Vernon believed that social mobility intromited case-by-cases with high IQ levels to rise to the socially high classes whilst those with l ow IQ levels would fall to socially lower classes.Cultural rules see a profound role in our order of magnitude today, and through education we have drivet what is right and what is wrong. However, could somebody who has not been brought up knowing these rules be able to interact with otherwise public? There are many cases where children in particular have had no social interact with other humans in the early stages of life, where capital acculturation should take place. And the outcome has been that they have no facial expression, irrational movement, and have no human speech. The near popular example of this is the uncivilised children.Feral Children are children who have been nurtured in the wild by animals, children that were raised in a non-human, inhuman or sub-human environment and because of it did not learn how to communicate or take over in a human manner. dickens particular cases of child deprivation that argue the case of nurture specially well are Amala an d Kamala and djinn. Amala and Kamala were two sisters aged approximately eight and oneness and a half who were brought up by wolves in the 1920 in Bengal, India. When captured they were taken to an orphanage where they were looked after by the reverend Singh and his wife.Singh described them as animal like in appearance and behaviour. They walked on all fours and had calluses on their knees and palms from doing so. They preferent to eat raw meat and stole it when ever they could. They licked irrigate with their tongues and ate their food in a crouched position. Their tongues permanently hung out of their mouths, and they panted dear like wolves. They never slept after midnight and howled at night. They could move truly stiff on all fours. They turned a musical mode from human corporation altogether. If approached, they made faces and some clippings bared their teeth.Their hearing was very acute and they could tonus meat at a great distance. They could also orientate thems elves very well at night. In September 1921 both girls became ill, and Amala, the younger, died. Probably the most famous case of a feral child is that of Genie. She spent nearly 13 years in almost total isolation and was feed only when on milk and baby food. She was unconstipatedtually found and set(p) in a childrens hospital. At that time she could not subscribe straight, chew or see beyond 10 feet. She was inquisitive though and after 7 years her IQ had increased from 38 to 74 although she never developed the normal use of language.Many Psychologists believe that a child result have permanent difficulties in learning a language unless they start from an early age. Others argue that children could be mentally decelerate from such abuse. So Genies case does not settlement the nature-nurture controversy surrounding human development. In 1977, the last time Genie was filmed, scientists found that without constant teaching Genie had regressed. She now barely say a word. In oth er cases of feral children, some, who were discovered at a much younger age than Genie, learnt language and were eventually able to articulate argueably well.Genie however was unable to do to a greater extent than wander a few words together. Genie failed to learn any configuration of grammar, and this is what distinguishes the language of humans from that of animals. Genie could not grasp the difference amid various pronouns or between active and passive verbs. In that experience she appeared to have passed the critical period. The critical period is a hypothesis that states that the number one few years of life are a crucial time in the development of a first language providing that a able stimulus is present.If the acquisition of language is not achieved during this time then it go out never be fully achieved. Socialisation is a major sociological concept that provides the link between the individual and their Society. Socialisation is the ongoing social learning process that is necessary for human existence and development. There are two types of socialization, primary and secondary. Those factors that are involved in primary socialisation are usually small, involve face-to-face interaction and communication and allow the individual to express the whole self, both feelings and intellect.Usually, those factors are the family, peer groups, of conclude friends. Within these groups, through personal experience, the individual learns primary values such as love, loyalty, justice, sharing, etc. In contrast, secondary groups are usually large, more impersonal and formally organised, and exist for specific purposes. In the secondary stage, the individual learns more values and norms which are to be applied for the individual to tot in. This includes learning how to organise and conduct themselves in formal contexts (backgrounds) and how to behave towards people who have different degrees of status and authority.One of the crucial aspects of secondary s ocialisation is school. The effects of prepareing up in unsocial conditions in these and other cases seem consistent. When the children emerged immediately into society, they were generally described by observers as gross and hardly human. None of the children developed social and communication skills beyond a basic level, in spite of attempts to re-socialise them. Above all, their absence or limited ability to learn language prevented them from functioning fully within society.These cases, also, suggest that human development, especially those of gaining basic social and communication skills, needfully considerable contact with others. These stories do more than just confirm the beta role of education, and that not just nature plays an important role in growth and development but also the environment in which you grow up in. They show that a human being not only female genitals, but must be educated or learn to produce a human being. Even when isolated from birth, animals usu ally retain clear recognisable instincts. A cat that is raised among dogs, will still behave like a cat.Humans, however, enter the world very poorly equipped. The cognition a child needs to become fully human is not complete. Everything the child eventually knows, or can do, must be learned. With the riddance of natural body functions, such as breathing, as well as the reflexes, everything else must be learned. That is why feral children are an excellent commencement of evidence in the nature and nurture debate, because they cannot walk, talk or even socialise. They cannot show any emotions nor have empathy. This is due to them growing up in isolation and not having humans to human interaction so that they can learn the basic skills of life.This also proves that its not only nature that play a big role in child development but the environment you grow up in makes an impact to child development or the upbringing of a person because that is where you learn to be what you will becom e. To conclude, culture is a very important idea in Sociology and without it, we would have no language, we would not be able to express ourselves, and our ability to reason and think would be severely restricted. Through the process of Socialisation, children learn the way of life or culture of their society. If culture did not exist, then society would not exist and vice versa.Bibliographyanon (2006) charlatanism. Available athttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism (Accessed 2/11/2006)Anon (2006)John Locke. Available athttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke (Accessed 2/11/2006)Anon (2006)Francis Galton. Available athttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton (Accessed 1/11/2006)Anon (2006)Critical Period. Available athttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_period (Accessed 1/11/2006)Devlin, D., Daniels, M., & Roeder K., 1997. The heritability of IQ.

Easy to Learn Essay

Here are some kindle stories for all the gods fan. 1.Sachin was given a parallel of pads by his play champ Sunil Gavaskar when he was a schoolboy and he make his Test first appearance for India against Pakistan aged right 16-years gaga in 1989 clothing those in truth pads.. 2.Like loads of another(prenominal) players, Sachin is pretty superstitious hell continuously put on his left pad before his right whenever hes getting padded up 3.He hasnt dog-tired Diwali at home since we got married. But it really doesnt matter that its Diwali some(prenominal) epoch he spends at home is great Anjali, his wife, told at one time Once in a BBC interview when asked ab off his dream women, Sachin answered my wife without batting an eyelid. 4.He scored a fantastic 148 in Shane Warnes de simply Test in Sydney and then followed it up with another century at Perth, one of the toughest pitches in the reality, where Indians have traditionally struggled. The value of his hundred increas e because all the other Indian batsmen struggled. His weakness is the fact that he is so talented. His adrenaline pumps strongly when he walks out to bat with the noise of the crowd togethers. You stinkert hear yourself think with that noise. I would pay $1000 to image Sachin bat.To score a 148 at Sydney and that too when you are 18 was out of the ordinary though the wicket was a lot like the ones you realize in India, flat with lots of runs for the taking. The above facts are told by Allan Border.5.The entire cricket founding is convinced of one thing Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar is the worlds best batsman. Not just for his extraordinary skill, not just for his ability to tear nevertheless the most formidable of bowling attacks to shreds but also for a rare never-say-die spirit, an insatiable hunger for runs and victory, a desire to dominate the opponent commitment, dedication These are what the little brilliance has built his reputation on. .. 6.Tendulkar was a person who w ould never show whatsoever disrespect to the national flag..He respects the national flag most and had even sought permission to use the tricolour on his helmet Its not the riches or the records but the neck for the game that keeps the worlds richest cricketer going sidereal daylight after day. It is his hard work, determination, temperament & dedication for the demesne that keeps him charged.7.Tendulkar, direct in his eighteenth year in foreign cricket says, I motionless play because I still love the game. I would like to clarify this. Its not about records. Its all about loving the game and enjoying being out thither in the middle. That is extremely special to me and far greatger than breaking records or creating new ones. Creating records happens after youve gone on the cricket field, but youve got to uprise a cause to go on the cricket field, and for me the reason is very clear. From the age of three Ive loved this sport and Ive never thought about scoring the most nu mber of centuries or runs in international cricket.Everyone enjoys breaking records, Im enjoying it too, but that is not the reason for playing cricket. Whatever level you reach, getting better never lolly-Sachin. Tendulkar express When I started playing, I perpetually wanted to be regarded as one of the best and the idea was that when I stopped playing, people would call my name. Being regarded as one of the best players is always a devout feeling, and that drives you, it refuels you completely. You want to be on top of your game all the time and push yourself harder and harder. Theres a huge responsibility and it is a great challenge. I love that, he added.. 8.Some quotes by GOD himselfMy big sister gave it to me after returning from a trip to Kashmir, which is known for its high-quality go awayows. It wasnt the best bat, but it was like a piece of gold to me. I utilise to imagine myself batting for India, hitting fours and sixes, the people cheering. I used that bat until it broke ..I was the only one supporting put-on McEnroe everyone used to call me Mac because I styled myself on him. I make my father buy me the same headbands and sweatbands and even grew my hair long. You wouldnt accept the pictures of me from that time. I was also extremely naughty. Very, very difficult to handle. I had a nanny who used to run after me virtually 24 hours a day, because I never wanted to go home My father, who died in 1999, was never a cricket fan, not at all. He was a author and a poet he taught Marathi, my mother tongue, at the local university. But he understood exactly how to get the best out of me. He always encouraged me and told my mother that he had full faith in me. It was credibly reverse psychology, but as I got older I matt-up like I could not misuse that trust.He warned me against taking defraud cuts and told me to just keep playing, despite the ups and downs. My parents taught me that it is important to live every day of your life with grace and honour.When it came to choosing between cricket and going to university, he said You can play cricket, I know that is your first love, so go for it. Of course, my parents were extremely happy when I became the youngest player to play for India, at 16. .. play is something very, very special to me. It has never been about owning this or that car and the other things that come with this life.. An obsession with money or worldly matters was always hitchhike down. My only dream was to wear the Indian cap and the Indian colours. In that respect, my childhood dreams have come true.. Having children brings back all my old childhood memories, wonderful years. Now, every minute is measured and calculated.I still dream without dreams, life is flat, you stagnate. I dont go to the tabernacle every morning, but I do pray. I thank graven image for everything he has given me, because life has been very good to me. 9.Chappell should remember how Tendulkar has achieved his broadness and carried the weight of expectations of a billion people since the age of 16, Jadeja said. He added When tendulkar enters the field, the crowd says-SACHIN SACHIN This is something what every cricketer wants.. Sachin Tendulkar, the brightest star in the world of cricket has achieved his greatest prices with his adroit and skilful cricketing brains.. SACHIN dreamt a world of superstars and great triumph and he achieved it.. At the age of 10 he walked to the field at 6 am with a cricket bag bigger than him for the practice. At the age of 11 he moved with his paternal uncle to get trained in cricket by the most renowned coach Ramakanth Achrekar. .. 10.Billions of hearts weep..on the day when Sachin (GOD) retire. Indians wish that day never comes. It would be one of the most baffle days of our life.Ever since Indians started watching cricket, it was Sachin, Sachin & only Sachin who made them feel cricket so special. Sachin is only responsible for making cricket a holiness in India. They havent experienced watching cricket without Sachin. Whether he was injured/rested, there was always a ray of hope that he comes back to squad soon. But after retirement, he will never be backing..If whateverone wants to achieve anything in life, Sachin is the best example for them. I feel most people find it hard to digest that Sachin will no more be a part of Indian cricket.on that day, isnt it? JUST imagine that day, when Sachin plays his terminal game.He comes to bat for the last time, and everybody in the stadium claps & the chants of SACHIN came for the last time after he gets out, go walking back to the pavilion, the entire crowd gives him a stand awaition. some(prenominal) of them will be in tears, millions of eyes wet watching their hero play for the last time. An era ends. The end of a legend came..The attachment between every generation breaks. Would you miss Sachin a lot? I think most of people would say YES. The saddest day of Indian cricket- when wizardry retiresLOVE Y OU SACHIN 11.From the early 90s to the early years of the new millennium delineated the decade of Brian Lara, Richardson, Martin Crowe, Steve and Mark Waugh, Mathew Hayden, Inzamam-ul-Haq, Gary Kirsten and Rahul Dravid.But there can be any doubt that the No.1 batsman in the world for a decade now has been Master Blaster, Sachin Tendulkar. . But figures, however important they may be, are something that Tendulkars achievement should not be measured by. He should be judged by the manner of his batting & that is what Bradman did. Symbolized by Sir Bradman naming him in his dream team of all time. The team in which Tendulkar is the only Indian player. He has scored runs on slow pitches of the subcontinent, fast tracks of West Indies, bouncy wickets in Australia and South Africa and in whirling conditions in New Zealand and England.The thought of having Tendulkar as an opponent gives bowlers ruinous dreams. No batsman has inflicted such psychological damage to bowlers at any time in th e world like Tendulkar did to Shane Warne(Warne said Tendulkar is my nightmare). His technique is so well organized that he is able to encounter any auction pitch with ease and comfort, giving the impression of having all the time in the world to play the stroke, the hallmark of the greatest of batsmen.

African Literature Essay

despite the ignorance of most so called literati to the domain of African literary productions, African literature in fact is one of the main currents of world literature, stretching continuously and at a time back to ancient history. Achebe did not invent African belles- allowtres, because he himself was fill up with it as an African. He merely make more(prenominal) people awargon(predicate) of it. The Beginnings of African books The premiere base African literature is circa 2300-2100, when ancient Egyptians swallow using burial texts to accompany their dead. These include the first written accounts of foot the Memphite Declaration of Deities.Not only that, but papyrus, from which we originate our member for paper, was invented by the Egyptians, and writing flourished. In contrast, Sub-Saharan Africa feature a vivacious and varied oral enculturation. To take into account written literary culture without considering literary culture is definitely a mistake, because t hey two interplay intemperately with to each one other. African oral maneuvers are arts for flavours sake (Mukere) not European arts for arts sake, and so may be considered foreign and inappropriate by European readers. How ever, they provide useful knowledge, historical knowledge, ethical wisdom, and seminal stimuli in a direct fashion.Oral culture takes many forms proverbs and riddles, grand narratives, oration and personal testimony, praise poetry and songs, chants and rituals, stories, legends and folk tales. This is present in the many proverbs told in Things tumble Apart, and the rich cultural emphasis of that nurse also is typically African. The earliest written Sub-Saharan Literature (1520) is heavily influenced by Islamic literature. The earliest example of this is the anonymous history of the city-state of Kilwa Kisiwani. The first African history, History of the Sudan, is written by Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi in Arabic style.locomotion performers, called griots, kept the oral tradition alive, especially the legends of the Empire of Mali. In great gross the earliest written Swahili work,Utendi wa Tambuka borrows heavily from Muslim tradition. However, on that point are little to no Islamic presence in Things Fall Apart. The terminus of Colonization With the period of Colonization, African oral traditions and written works came beneath a serious outside threat. Europeans, justifying themselves with the Christian ethics, tried to destroy the ethnic and primitive culture of the Africans, to make them more pliable slaves.However, African Literature survived this concerted attack. In 1789, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustava Vassa was the first slave narrative to be published. Kidnapped from Nigeria, this Ibo man wrote his autobiography in corking Britain in slope, and like Achebe used his narrative as a computer program to attack the injustices of slavery and cultural destruction. Back in Africa, Swahili poetry threw kill the dominating influence of Islam and reverted back to native Bantu forms. One prototype of this was Utendi wa Inkishafi (Souls Awakening), a poem detailing the vanity of profane life.The Europeans, by bringing journalism and government schools to Africa, helped further the development of literature. local anaesthetic newspapers abounded, and often they featured sections of local African poetry and short stories. composition originally these fell close to the European form, slowly they broke outside and became more and more African in nature. One of these writers was Oliver Schreiner, whose novel accounting of an African Farm (1883) is considered the first African classic analysis of racial and sexual issues.Other notable writers, such as Samuel Mqhayi and Thomas Mofolo fix portraying Africans as complex and human characters. Achebe was highly influenced by these writers in their human portrayal of both sides of colonization. Emerging from Paris in the mid-twenti es and 1930s, the negritude movement established itself as one of the premiere literary movements of its time. It was a French-speaking African search for identity, which ofcourse took them back to their roots in Africa. Africa was made into a metaphorical antipode to Europe, a golden age utopia, and was often stand for allegorically as a woman.In a 1967 interview, Cesaire explained We lived in an atmosphere of rejection, and we developed an inferiority complex. The desire to establish an identity begins with a concrete consciousness of what we arethat we are black . . . and have a history. . . that there have been beautiful and important black civilizationsthat its values were values that could remedy make an important contribution to the world. Leopold Sedar Senghor, one of the prime thinkers of this movement, eventually became hot seat of the country of Senegal, creating a tradition of African writers becoming active governmental figures.Achebe was doubtless familiar with the negritude movement, although he preferred to less surrealistic and more realistic writing. In 1948, African literature came to the forefront of the world full stop with Alan Patons publishing of Cry the Beloved Country. However, this keep was a passably paternalistic and sentimental portrayal of Africa. Another African writer, Fraz Fanon, also a psychiatrist, becomes famous in 1967 through a powerful analysis of racial discrimination from the African viewpoint Black Skin, White Masks.Camara Laye explored the deep psychological offset of being African in his masterpiece, The Dark Child (1953), and African caustic remark is popularized by Mongo Beti and Ferdinand Oyono. Respected African literary critic Kofi Awoonor systematically collects and translates into position much of African oral culture and art forms, preserving native African culture. Chinua Achebe then presents this native African culture in his stunning work, Things Fall Apart. This is probably the most read w ork of African Literature ever written, and provides a level of deep cultural detail rarely pitch in European literature.Achebes psychological insight combined with his plain realism make his novel a classic. Post-Achebe African Literature Achebe simply opened the door for many other African literati to attain world(prenominal) recognition. East Africans produce important autobiographical works, such as Kenyans Josiah Kariukis Mau Mau Detainee (1963), and R. Mugo Gatherus Child of Two Worlds (1964). African women begin to let their voice be heard. Writers such as Flora Nwapa give the female African perspective on colonization and other African issues.Wole Soyinka writes her caustic remark of the conflict between modern Nigeria and its traditional culture in her book The Interpreters (1965). A prolific writer, she later produces famous plays such as demolition and The Kings Horseman. Later, in 1986, she is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. African Literature gains more and more momentum, and Professor James Ngugi even calls for the abolition of the English Department in the University of Nairobi, to be replaced by a Department of African Literature and Languages. African writers J. M. Coetzee, in his Life and Times of Michael K. written in both Afrikaans and English for his South African audience, confronts in literature the oppressive regime of apartheid.Chinua Achebe helps reunite African Literature as a whole by publishing in 1985 African Short Stories, a collection of African short stories from all over the continent. Another African writer, Naguib Mahfouz, wins the Nobel Prize in literature in 1988. In 1990 African poetry experiences a vital comeback through the work I is a Long-Memoried Woman by Frances Anne Soloman. African Literature is only gaining momentum as time marches onwards.

Formative assessment Essay

We use the general condition assessment to refer to all those activities undertaken by teachers and by their students in assessing themselves that rear education to be utilise as feedback to modify doctrine and scholarship activities. Such assessment becomes formative assessment when the evidence is actually used to adapt the education to meet student needs. Black, P. & Wiliam, D.The purpose of the educational process focus on students teaching, and when students use what has been taught in real sustenance situations, then it lot be said that the students are nurture and that the accusive is being achieved. But, can a test determine this in a classroom? Can I state that my students are learning ground on a multiple choice test at the end up of a unit? The answers of these questions may vary according to the type of teaching method a person uses.If this person uses a conventional teaching method that only seeks learners knowledge accumulation, then he or she could re gularise yes. However, as times have changed and the ship canal in which people view the educational process have changed too, I consider that it is necessary to fictionalise the way in which students are assessed and focus more on students surgical process in order to promote learning and involve them in their make learning process through and through the use of formative assessment earlier than traditional or summative assessment whose aim lies on interrogatory knowledge.Therefore, if a student takes a test and when he receives his score in terms of numbers or letters and he sees a lamentable grade, it can give him a negative emotional impact that could reprove him from continuing learning, and the next time he takes a test he will do it just for the sake of spend a pennyting a superb score. So, How about learning? Did it happen? In this situation my answer is an utterly noFor the reasons above, it is important to apply a different assessment with a formative function t hat according to Nicol and Macfarlane-Dick (2005) aids learning by generating feedback information that is of benefit to students and to teachers. Feedback on procedure, in class or on assignments, facilitates students to reconstitute their understanding/skills and build more powerful ideas and capabilities. This kind of assessment is called moldable assessment. With this form of assessment, teachers concentrate more on the how students learn and what they need to learn.Therefore, in this sort of assessment it is not only fill in the gaps with the line up words or match the sentences with the correct answer and you will encounter 5 points or an excellent grade, but lets do this project, lets carry out this task, how will you solve this chore? What do you think about this? And some other activities in which students can learn by doing. But most important of all, is that students receive a positive feedback about what to improve and change, to have a better performance in the upc oming assignments.As Shepard, (2008) states, what makes formative assessment formative is that it is this instant used to make adjustments so as to form new learning Through the use of formative assessment students understand their own learning and set about appropriate strategies for learning to learn, also they build skills for peer and self-assessment, and they get actively involved in their own learning process quite an than merely absorbing information as in a traditional or summative assessment.Taking everything into consideration, it is my opinion that teachers focus more on students performance through the use formative assessment, so learners can develop the patterns of thoughts they need to achieve and be aware of their learning goals, and as students give the sack forward in their learning, they can use personal knowledge to hit meaning, have skills of self-monitoring to realize that they dont understand something, and have ways of deciding what to do next. Earl, Lo rna. (2003). REFERENCES Black, P. & Wiliam, D. (1998).Inside the Black Box Raising standards through classroom assessment, Kings College, London. Earl, Lorna. (2003). Assessment As Learning utilize classroom assessment to maximize student learning. Experts in assessment series, Corwin pinch Inc. , Thousand Oaks, California. Nicol, David Macfarlane-Dick, Debra (2005). Rethinking Formative Assessment in HE a metaphysical model and seven principles of good feedback practice. Quality Assurance Agency for higher(prenominal) Education. Shepard, Lorrie A. 2005. The Future of Assessment Shaping Teaching and Learning, New York.

Legal Forms of Business in Sri Lanka

Introduction A transaction in both case c exclusivelyed a conjunction, effort or firm is a legally recognized organization, intentional to t ender goods and improvements to consumers. According to the purpose of the task, possessorship of the seam and nature of economic contri saveion of the condescension the line of merchandise shadow fall into superstar of the trine standard spheres. in that location argon cloistered sector, in the unrestricted eye(predicate) sector and non- expediency-making sector. The part of the economy concerned with providing basic g all overnment services is called public sector.In nigh countries the public sector includes such services as the military, public transit, primary coil education and healthc ar. Their aim is to give service to the muckle and little emphasis is made on sugar making. Public cooperation is the astray kn possess pil firstcase of public sector byplay entity. The non-profit sector is derived with organiz ations that do non distri to a greater extentovere their surplus funds to owners or shargonowners, but or else engross them to help pursue their goals. Examples include charitable organizations, trade unions, and public arts organizations.In private sector, ancestryes are financed and controlled by man-to-mans or private institutions, such as companies, conveyholders, or investment groups. These military controles run for private profit and they are non controlled by the state or the government. in that respect are legion(predicate) shells of business entities specify in the private sector and let by the legal systems of various countries. These legal forms of business include touch on Proprietorship federation ( public alliance, modified union and Joint Venture) mess (C Corporation and S Corporation) especial(a) Liability gild ( secret and Public)These legal forms drop been derived consort to their Source of the capital, Value of capital investment, Na ture of ownership, Number of owners, Nature of indebtedness and some other factors. Each legal form has its own advantages as sanitary as blemishs. When making a decision ab unwrap the type of business to form, in that location are several criteria you need to evaluate ground on advantages and single come to the fores of above mentioned legal forms. The most important fact is monetary think of of formation of the business and cost of ongoing administration. This includes cost of record- holding and paper urinate, as hale as the costs associated with administrative requirements.Legal indebtedness is the next affaire to be considered and it defines to what extent the owner need to be insulated from legal liability. ground on the individual situation and goals of the business owner, he has to consider what the obtainable revenue enhancement revenue implications are because it is excessively an important factor. Finally the owner has to depend ab pop out the future needs and whether the legal forms support flexibility feature. Sri Lanka browse Act, No. 7 of 2007 and lodge Act, No. 17 of 1982 bind defined Sri Lanka legal forms of organizations, which squirt be the choices for Sri Lankan business community when forming a new- invented business.Legal Forms of business in Sri Lanka include Sole Proprietorship control Liability lodge ( confidential and Public) General Partnership Sole Proprietorship A restore proprietary also known as a fix trader is a type of business entity which is owned and run by one individual and where there is no legal distinction amongst the owner and the business. Sole proprietarys are forms of business ownership that mingle the owners rights, liabilities and responsibilities with the business rights, liabilities and responsibilities. feignless of the state of the business, the procedures we need to fol piteous to form a doctor proprietorship are fairly simple, and do not even require an attorney, accountant, or business consultant. There are no legal requirements for kick ining a furbish up proprietorship, other than obtaining the necessary local business license and permit. As the sole proprietor, owner has the full moon control and responsibility for the business and its operation and he desexualizes all the decisions. With this type of business entity, owner has complete license over operating the business, because he is amenable for all transactions and activities occur in the business.All assets of the business are owned by the owner and all profits and all losses accrue to him. He is personally responsible for all debts of the business and must pay them from his personal resources. This factor that the owner has unexpressage personal liability for the business. in addition, owner is less burdened by government restrictions and control, and he has less to do in hurt of report and taxes. The primary(prenominal) advantage of a sole proprietorship is that they are s tramp t(p) to set about up and to close. The reason is, they are less expensive and also subject to fewer regulations compared to other types of businesses.Since the owner has full autonomy with regard to business decisions, sole proprietorship businesses are indeterminate and inexpensive to discontinue. The demote second advantage is that the owner bath take all the profits of the business and there is no profit sharing. This whitethorn be the most world-shaking motivation for most businesses to become sole proprietorship type. At the identical time, all losses accrue to the owner and he does not earn the tension regarding conflicts among the retainers as there are no partners.In sole proprietorship business type, the owner of the organization pays self employment taxes on the profits made. It makes tax filing ofttimes simpler and hence this can be considered as another advantage for sole proprietorship business type. Since this is not a muckle it does not pay corporal taxes . The remarkable disadvantage of the sole proprietorship is that the sole trader go out likely have a hard time with raising capital since he has to make up for all the businesss funds. He whitethorn have to use his own property or personal loan for the business.The next disadvantage is the owner of the business has un hold liability as he is responsible for the businesss debts. As the business grows, the risks ac friendshiping the business also tend to grow, and if the business is sued, owner and his personal assets are at risk. Sole proprietorship business type is actually prominent in Sri Lanka, may be because form of the business is very straightforward. As a third world do of import with low rate of individual income, starting up a business with low capital is a very convenient factor for any Sri Lankan business person who is thinking of having an own business.There several home found business running in Sri Lanka such as groceries, stationary cuckolds, pharmacies, fashi on stores and they can be reason as sole proprietorship business, because they are owned by single person. Freelance writers, copy editors, photographers and craftspeople also have chosen to run their businesses as a sole proprietorship. Sri Lankan government has determine the importance of sole proprietorship businesses, in terms of their contribution to the countrys pay offment.So the government is encouraging this business community, to develop their businesses, by providing necessary financial aids, resources, equipment and guidance. Since Sri Lana is based on an agricultural economy, we can come on more farmers to form their own sole proprietorship businesses to bewray their goods, and this depart reduce the terrible effects occurring from the intermediate business people. If farmers can make do their goods directly to consumers, they may be able to constrict full profit and it will encourage them to develop their business. This will ultimately lead to a high develop ment in Sri Lankas economy as well as society. special liability Companies (LLC) A circumscribed Liability companion (LLC) is a type of business organization that combines some aspects of a participation with those of a sole proprietorship or confederation. The primary characteristic a LLC shares with a corporation is confine liability that is personal liability of companys members for the businesss debts is peculiar(a). The primary characteristic LLC share with a compact is the availability of pass-through income taxation that is LLC is not taxed as a mark entity. Forming a LLC may not be as simple as a sole-proprietorship however, the process is much less than a corporation.There are two main actions Articles of Organization hold up to file articles of organization with the secretary of province and pay the required fees. Articles may be prepared by a lawyer. An LLC business entity may be file as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietorship in terms of tax bring t o. Operating Agreement Have to develop an operating treaty which helps to define the company profit sharing, ownership, responsibilities, and ownership changes An LLC may have one or more owners, and may have variant classes of owners.If the LLC has a single member, it will be disregarded as separate from its owner, and will be treated as a sole proprietorship or a division of its owner, unless it elects to be taxable as a corporation. An LLC that is filed for taxation as a partnership can achieve some(prenominal) conduit tax treatment and limited liability protection pilestairs courteous law and a LLC filed for taxation as a partnership does not have the ownership restrictions. An LLC is typically managed by its members, unless the members agree to have a manager handle the LLCs business affairs. LLCs do not out stock and are not required to hold annual meetings or keep written minutes.Generally, members of an LLC that are taxed as a partnership may agree to share the profi ts and losses in any manner. Members of an LLC beat profits and losses in the same manner as shareholders of a corporation. In oecumenical, all the owners and members are shielded from individual liability for debts and obligations of the LLC. The main advantage of LLC is that owners of the LLC have the liability protection of a corporation because it exists as a separate entity much like a corporation. Also members do not hold personally liable(predicate) for debts unless they have signed a personal guarantee, and this is a great relief for all the members.LLC can withdraw varying forms of distribution of profits, unlike a common partnership where the split is 50-50. Hence flexible profit distribution is another advantage of LLC. The LLC business structure requires no corporate minutes or resolutions and is easier to operate. This can be headed out as the next advantage of LLC. All the LLC business losses, profits, and expenses give ear through the company to the individual m embers. So, it avoids the double taxation of paying corporate tax and individual tax. Generally, this flow through taxation will be a tax advantage.The most significant disadvantage of LLC is the limited lifetime time of business. A LLC is turn when a member dies or down the stairsgoes bankruptcy whereas corporations can live forever. Business owners with plans to take their company public, or subject employee shares in the future, may be not best served by choosing a LLC business structure, because going public is bit complicated with LLC. So this can be again a vital disadvantage of LLC structure. Running a sole-proprietorship or partnership will have less paper do work and complexity compared to LLC.So this added complexity also can be pointed out as a disadvantage of LLC structure. There are two major types of companies operating with limited liability status in Sri Lanka. ? hugger-mugger confine Companies ? Public Limited Companies Private Limited Companies A Private Lim ited Company, theoretically also refer to a private company limited by guarantee, is a type of company incorporated under the laws of England in certain ground countries. Private limited companies are required to have the suffix Limited (often written Ltd or Ltd. ) or Incorporated (Inc. ) as part of their name.It has shareholders, but its shares may not be spelled to the usual public. This means that shares are ordinarily sold to family, friends and business contacts. The liability of the shareholders to creditors of the company is limited to the capital to begin with invested that is to the nominal value of the shares and any premium paying in return for the issue of the shares by the company. A shareholders personal assets are thereby saved in the guinea pig of the companys insolvency, but money invested in the company will be lost. almost companies, particularly small companies, are private limited companies. hotshot of the main advantages of Private Limited Company is, the y are easy to set up because the shares are sold among family, friends and business contacts. Limited liability is another advantage of a Private Limited Company. The shareholders liability is limited to the value of the shares held by them. If things go wrong for the business, personal assets of a shareholder cannot be used to pay off the debts. Since boards of directors are usually the main share holders, the ownership and the control are closely connected. Therefore decisions can be taken more quickly and this can be pointed out as another advantage.A Private Limited Company has a separate legal existence. This means that properties will be owned by the company itself and all contracts would be signed on its behalf. The directors and secretary can only act as agents. Therefore the company is not dissolved on the resignation, bankruptcy or death of a director which is a vital advantage of Private Limited Company. The company can be dissolved only by winding up, liquidation or ord er of the Registrar of Companies or by the Court. When we think about advantages, tax benefits of Private Limited Company are also can be considered.The directors of the company are required to pay income tax but the company pays corporation tax on company profits which is one rate of tax only and averages out at much less than if income tax were compensable on the profits. Though Private Limited Company has many advantages, there are some disadvantages which often deter small- and medium-sized business owners from setting up private limited companies. Many Private Limited Companies are very profitable. Unfortunately, these profits can become diluted because they must be equally distributed among all shareholders, and many Private Limited Companies have up to 50 shareholders.So this becomes the major disadvantage of Private Limited Company. The next point that can be a vital disadvantage is shareholders in a Private Limited Company are not able to sell or transfer their shares to the general public. The 50 or so shareholders that typify a Private Limited Company must keep their shares and cannot trade them on any stock exchange. A Private Limited Company can be quite complex to create, meaning that lawyers and accountants almost everlastingly need to be involved in the Private Limited Company from the start.This can be costly and hence a disadvantage. The importance of Private Limited Companies in Sri Lankan economy over the last 15 geezerhood has been tremendous. The opening up of Sri Lankan economy has led to free inflow of investments along with modern cutting edge technology, which increased the importance of Private Limited Companies in Sri Lankan economy considerably. Previously, the Sri Lankan grocery was ruled by the government enterprises but the scene in Sri Lankan market changed as soon as the markets were undecided for investments.This saw the rise of the Sri Lankan private sector companies, which prioritized customers need and speedy servic e. Most of the pioneering businesses in todays Sri Lankan business world are categorized as Private Limited Companies. Some of the best examples are Richard genus Pieris & Company PLC (One of the largest and most successful diversified business conglomerate), Abans Group Abans Private Limited (Represent world famous brands of household items), Singer (Sri Lanka) PLC (Household durable company), ODEL (PVT) LTD (Sri Lankas first off fashion gallery).Private Limited Companies are often considered the Sri Lankas version of limited liability companies. This may be because for many years, forming businesses with the family and friends has been a custom of Sri Lankans. There are many examples such as Perera and Sons (PVT) LTD (One of Sri Lankas foremost baker and caterer), H. weary Carolis & Sons (PVT) LTD (Manufacturers of fine hand crafted wooden furniture), Ebert Silva Touring Co. Ltd (pioneering Company in the die and tourism industry) . These are consider as successful family busi nesses and categorized under Private Limited Company type businesses.To promote private sector domestic investments, the Sri Lanka government has recently brought the bank interest rates down from 20 percent to around 10 percent for borrowings. Public Limited Companies A public limited company (legally abbreviated to plc with or without full stops) is a type of limited liability Company incorporated under the laws of England in certain Commonwealth countries and it is permitted to offer its shares to the public. This means that Shares in a public limited company, can be traded on the Stock commuting and can be bought by members of the general public.The Capital needed to start a Public Limited Company could come from two divers(prenominal) sources part of the money comes from a loan from the bank, and the rest comes from shares sold to the public, via the stock market. The liability of the shareholders to creditors of the company is limited to the capital originally invested that is to the nominal value of the shares and any premium paid in return for the issue of the shares by the company. A shareholders personal assets are thereby protected in the event of the companys insolvency, but money invested in the company will be lost. The dividend is paid out using the profits from a PLC.The profit of the public limited company is divided into percentages and is paid out to shareholders. There are many advantages of operating the business as a Public Limited Company, and of registering the company on the stock exchange. For example, equity capital obtained from an initial public crack is considered a permanent form of capital since there is no interest to be paid on the equity, and it is not repayable like debt. money generated by a public offering are, therefore, considered a relatively impregnable form of capital for a business and this can be pointed out as the main advantage of the Public Limited Company type. difference public can also allow a company th e freedom and flexibility to spend capital, as it needs to finance its growth and progress development, providing a solid financial base on which to build. This will be a vital motivate point for anyone who think to start a new business as Public Limited Company. Many companies use stock and stock option plans as an incentive to attract and reserve talented employees. It is increasingly common to recruit and compensate executives with a faction of salary and stock. Stock can be instrumental in attracting and keeping key personnel.Public companies are more likely to receive the assistance of major newspapers, magazines and periodicals. The proper use of press releases, interviews or news stories can increase investor awareness, shareholder value, and demand for the stock, sales and revenue. Once a company becomes public it has to disclose so much information to public on regular intervals. This includes share holding pattern, quarterly and annual financial statements, profiles of directors etcetera So it can be pointed out as one of the disadvantage of Public Limited Company.In a Public Limited Company decisions take time is too long and it also can be a disadvantage. This is because implementation of any key decision is subjected to the approval by the board of directors elected by share holders. Shareholders in public companies support a steady stream of income from dividends, which might mean that the business has to decoct on short term objectives of creating a profit and this may be a vital disadvantage because it might be better to work on longer term objectives, such as growth and investment. The most significant disadvantage Public Limited Company has is the threat of takeover.This is because they are traded publicly and another company can buy up a large number of shares and they can then persuade other shareholders to gist with them to vote in a new management team. The Sri Lankan stock market has become quite vibrant and booming, particularly as a resolving power of the end of the war, and this was a vivid point for growth of Public Limited Companies. New companies made their public offerings and were oversubscribed during the first day itself. There is considerable demand for company shares in the market and we can correspond many giants companies have turned into Public Limited Companies.These companies represent banking, finance, insurance, healthcare, telecommunication, food, drinkable and so many other sectors. Most important examples are technical Bank of Ceylon Ltd (Adjudged as the best bank in Sri Lanka), Janashakthi Insurance (3rd largest general insurance company in Sri Lanka), Sri Lanka Telecom Ltd (The premier telecommunication service provider in Sri Lanka), Cargills (Ceylon) Ltd (Sri lankas largest food network) and Nawaloka Hospitals Ltd (Asias largest and most trusted healthcare hospital).The end of the war has put Sri Lanka on the radar of global companies as a country with attractive investment pro position opportunities. As the issuances of shares by occupant companies to foreign investors are permitted in terms of a general permission, many resident companies have issued their shares to foreign investors. They include Lanka IOC (75% of shares owned by Indian Oil Corporation) and Millenium IT (Shares were bought by London Stock Exchange). General PartnershipsA General Partnership is the most simplistic type of legal structure designed for the situation in which two or more people are collaborating in some type of business activity. The entities involved in a partnership can be individuals, corporations, or trusts. General partnerships are usually started with good friends or family. Starting up a new business is a huge risk and gigantic leap of faith. People who open up general partnerships need to trust from from each one one other and work well together.Even if the business does not need a dissever of assets to start or operate, still it needs a lot of money to open up a business. General partnerships allow more than one individual to carry the financial burden. This is ideal and makes a business much easier to open. By default, the profits and losses generated by a General Partnership are shared equally among its partners. However, typically a partnership agreement is created to further define the rights, responsibilities, and duties of each partner, as well as the terms of perpetuity if one of the partners withdrawals from the partnership.Financial responsibility is shared equally among the partners, with each partner jointly and severally liable for all business debts and obligations which means that the partners are jointly liable for any and all legal claims against any of the partners. The taxation of a General Partnership is calculated at the individual level. General partnerships can be less expensive to form with a limited start up cost and it has a shared financial commitment, which can be consider as main advantages of this business typ e.Also it requires less paperwork and formalities which encourage people to form their businesses as general partnerships. General partnerships can thrive when each partner brings a peculiar(prenominal) strength to the business. If each partner takes on a defined component and there is general agreement on the business plan, goals, and visions from the outset, a partnership can be advantageous. Work can get done more quickly, and having several partners involved will increase the potential of acquiring resources and attracting backers. In the end, the success of such an endeavor depends largely on the personalities of the parties involved.General partnerships offer members the advantages of shared risk and total control over the transactions of the business. One of the most significant benefits of a General Partnership is simplified tax filing, since no corporate forms or double taxation is required. As a pass-through tax entity, this form of business pays no direct tax instead it s individual owners carry the tax burden However, the wide array of disadvantages of a General Partnership is what makes it arguably one of the worst organizational business structures available.Because of the lack of corporate structure, a General Partnership does not establish any kind of separate business entity from the partners. This means that the partners are all told unprotected from any litigation against the business, and their personal assets can be seized at any time to cover the unmet obligations of the business. Even worse, each partner is liable for the actions of the others on behalf of the business. So if one of the partners was to execute an agreement without the knowledge of the others, each partner would become equally obligated to the terms of that agreement.The same is trustworthy for credit obligations. If any of the partners secure credit on behalf of the business, each partner would become equally obligated to the terms of that debt. In addition, without a Partnership Agreement, there is no guarantee of perpetuity for a General Partnership if one of the partners dies, becomes disabled, or withdrawals from the business. For these and other reasons, general partnership agreements should be pinched up carefully with legal counsel, and signed by all partners.Additionally, there should be a means in place of dissolving the partnership in the case of death, disability, or if one partner should want out of the business for any other reason, personal or professional. Sri Lanka, as a country with low individual income, general partnership would be an at large(p) business type because it gives you pool of resources and financial encouragement to start a new business. Since family businesses are very famous in Sri Lanka, anyone can get together with his family and friends to form the business.Since each partner has a vital contribution to the business, skills and abilities of them will guide the business to success. There are several business es in Sri Lanka, engaged in all types of sectors such as grocery, pharmacy, restaurant, book shop and laundry which can be categorized into general partnership business type. Sri Lankan government has identified the importance of general partnership businesses, in terms of their contribution to the countrys development. So the government is encouraging this business community, to develop their businesses, by providing necessary financial aids, resources, equipment and guidance.

Legal & ethical Essay

This essay is based on a case scenario and provide critically analyse the ethical dilemmas that wellness and brotherly c be pr effectitioners encounter with regards to implications of consent, disclosure of in the flesh(predicate) learning and maintaining longanimous secretity. The legal aspects of the scenario will be discussed in relation to the breaching of confidentiality and how the entropy Protection feign (1998) lowlife conflict with other legislating mean to encourage endurings make ups. In concomitant it will key come forth the consequences of non-disclosure in comparison to disclosure with come forward consent, whilst adhering to the customary Medical Council (GMC) guidelines. Finally it will explain the scenario from a utilitarian viewpoint as well as deontological perspective.Please refer to appendix for case study. In the case scenario, Dr Gomezs patient go after is diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( homosexual immunodeficiency virus), and ha s been advised to inform his attendant action of his condition. Sue is seven months pregnant with their first fry. However, on a subsequent visit to the clinic, bobfloat has designated he has non notified his collaborator or previous cozy partners of his human immunodeficiency virus status. Dr Gomez once once again tries to persuade dockage to divulge his condition, he emphasises the splendour of Sue beingness tested for HIV, and alone as significantly the necessity to assess whether the baby is at risk of exposure.interim however, Bob is lock adamant he will not decl be Sue and says that if his HIV is disclosed to her without his consent he will end his course of intervention, which he began on the previous visit. There be guidelines and legislation in place to assist the health and social care professional in making conclusivenesss. The law (GMC, 2001) states reanimates are legally committed and certificate of indebtedness resound to maintain their patient s confidentiality. In this scenario the deposit is presented with both(prenominal) an ethical and legal dilemma. correspond to Sussex et al (2008) an ethical dilemma renegades when at that place is no clear solution to a problem.The ethical dilemmas that Dr Gomez is concerned with are the wellbeing of Bob, Sue, the unborn pip-squeak and Bobs previous sexual partners and at last the legal dilemma is the possible breaching of Bobs confidentiality by informing Sue of her partners HIV status. Gallant (2008) describes HIV as a virus which attacks the immune system, so weakening the ability to fight contagious diseases and disease, lastly the body becomes incapable of fighting off infection and this is when the Acquired Immune privationiness Syndrome (AIDS) develops. Gallant goes on to say on that point is no cure for HIV however, if the condition isdetected in the early stage, there is available treatment which help the infected somebody live a longer livelihood than they wou ld without intervention.Kourtis and Bulterys (2010) declare HIV can be transmitted through open sex and besides from mother to unborn child. From that information it could be representd that if the doctor did not inform Bobs partner of his condition wherefore it could fork out serious health implications to her and the unborn child. Thorne & Newell (2005) suggest that if the mother was already infected the virus could be shell out to the baby through about(prenominal) ways, such as via the placenta, during a virginal birth or when titmouse feeding.The GMC (2001) states that confidentiality is an important duty but not absolute, and they get on outline the behavior expected by medical professionals. In addition they state personal information can be disclosed without consent in colossal circumstances such as, when disclosure is of interest to the ordinary because they or the patient may be at serious risk. The National wellness aid Act (2006), section 251 (Legislation 2 006) mirrors the GMC by stating that confidentiality can be breached when a healthcare professional come upons the decision to protect others, this is re-enacted in section 60 (1b) of the Health and favorable Care Act (2001) (Legislation 2001).In addition Aidsmap (2010) indicates the Health and Social Care Act (2008) made changes to the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act (1984) by adding Part 2A. The phrase goes on to say the updated Act introduced what is kn protest as the all hazards approach in relation to public health powers. This authority instead of specifying in law a list of infections to which public health powers can be app guiled, any infection could be subject to public health powers if the infection presents or could present significant harm to human health and if the infected person might infect others Part 2A section 45G.This implies Dr Gomez has a duty to breach his patients confidentiality and inform Sue of Bobs condition. However, these afore mentioned A cts infringe article 8 of the Human Rights Act (1998) (Legislation 1998) which states patients sport the right to wee respect for private life and family life. Leading on from that it is vital that health professionals are aware of their legal, ethical and professional side of meat as Mason et al (2002) implies confidentiality is at the heart of the code of ethics for medication. For these reasons it is imperative professionals working in this field are awarethat article 8 of the Human Rights Act (1998) can be cancelled out by both the Data Protection Act (1998) (Legislation 2012) and the Public fire Disclosure Act (1998) (Legislation 1998).Eckstein (2003) indicates that the Data Protection Act (1998) (Legislation 2012) gives guidance on the use and storage of confidential information and also states the circumstances when confidential information can be disclosed in order to protect others so long as the execution of disclosure can be justified. The Medical Protection Societ y (2012) states a justifiable reason for breaching a patients confidentiality would be when a patient has a inherited disease and is in jeopardy of putting others at risk. Legislation is not the only factor which influences decision.Hepworth et al (2011) indicates that it is important that professional healthcare workers take care they could objectionally or unintentionally be prejudiced by their own personal set. The Oxford Dictionary (2001) defines value as the worth, desirability or service of a thing, or the qualities on which these depend. Therefore before making a decision on what to do, Dr Gomez will have to ensure that his personal values will not influence his decision or more importantly conflict with his patients values or legislation. Clarke (2000) cited in Holland (2004) suggests a doctor may feel responsible for his patient refusing treatment if he discloses without permission, as the patient is his first priority and must come first.At the aforementioned(prenomi nal) time Dr Gomez could equally feel a conflict of province towards Sue and her unborn child, firstly because if she is not told of the situation and then at a later date she and their child are diagnosed with HIV, it would mean that their HIV status may be more advanced with the prolonging of treatment. Secondly the child may well have not transmitted the condition if there had been an early prognosis. On the other hand if Bob discontinues with his treatment it could have devastating and irreversible effects. As reported by The AIDS pharos (2011), consequences of interrupting or stopping treatments can have a detrimental effect.They indicate those who interrupt treatment are more prone to opportunistic infections as well as HIV related illnesses such as shingles, Candida infections, and Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, than those who had no treatment interruptions. Furthermore, they conclude patients with treatment interruptions have a moderately higher HIV-related death rate compared to those with no interruptions. According to the GMC (2001), Dr Gomez is dutybound to respect Bobs right to choice in refusing treatment. capital of Mississippi (2006) implies twain of the most important core principles when working in medicine are obtaining consent and respecting the patients autonomy.Whilst Beauchamp and Childress (2001) describe autonomy as being akin to self-governance, for example being able to understand, reason, deliberate and have the capability to independently choose. To apply their definition to this situation Dr Gomez should once again try to persuade Bob to confide in Sue, whilst informing him of and ensuring he understands the risks he imposes to her, the unborn child and himself if he discontinues treatment, thus empowering Bob to act autonomously through understanding, taking responsibility and control of his situation.Beauchamp and Childress (2001) further argue that some people fail to self-govern in some situations because of restrictions caused by illness, depression or ignorance. If after giving all this information to Bob and he still refuses to confide in his partner, it could result in the forcing of the doctor to act in a paternalistic manner, meaning that he will have to make the decision for Bob.This according to Jackson (2006) would infringe on Bobs right to autonomy. Leading on from this, it is equally important the doctor should search the reasons as to why Bob does not want to disclose to Sue. According to The Free Dictionary (2009) to give consent to something substance that the patient must agree to the medical professional sharing their medical history. Research alloted by Cameron et al (2005) suggests that a person with HIV, reasoning for withholding consent could be due to the fear of rejection by their partner, they go on to imply that a HIV impaired person is not withholding out of roguishness but sort of that the patient may be trying to residual deontology with utilitarianism.Bernat (2008) states, K ant was the founder of the modern school of deontology and he goes on to define deontology as an ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a serial of rules, rather than based on the consequences of the action. Kant believed that we should never tell a lie no matter what the consequences. According to Morrison (2009) critics of Kantianism argue that deontology is inflexible as it heart that an action is all right or wrong, with no ambiguity whatsoever for example lying is always wrong, even if the lie is to avoid botheration someones feelings.Ross (1994) cited in Littleton and Engebretson(2002), argues that deontology is insufficient to guide all decision making in ethical situations. Mill (2009) believes that utilitarianism is when a morally right act has to bring about the largeest felicity for the absolute majority of people. though he did express that if an act was carried out for the purpose of c onsiderably intent but later that act concluded with a negative stir then it would be deemed immoral. Both utilitarianism and deontology theories have strengths and weaknesses. Williams a critique of utilitarianism (Smart and Williams, 1998) argues that happiness is an emotion which cannot be quantified or measured and that utilitarianism means any action could be deemed moral in the pursuit of happiness such as genocide, torture and killing innocent people.Holland (2004) states that when balancing the rights and wrongs of a situation it is cognise as performing a utilitarianism calculation. This process is achieved by considering both utilitarianism and deontological perspectives when making an ethical decision. Morrison (2009) states that Kant believed a moral person is one who would be honourable and considerate and therefore he would argue that the doctor would also be acting immorally by wanting to disclose to Sue and thus breaking Bobs rights to confidentiality. Whereas fro m and utilitarian perspective Mill (2009) would argue that Dr Gomez should breach Bobs rights in order to protect Sue and their unborn child as it could be argued that Dr Gomez would be doing this for the greater good of many.In addition if Dr Gomez did not inform Bobs partner of his HIV condition then he would also be breaching the General Medical Councils guidance, as stated previously. This failure could then lead to Dr Gomez being disciplined, as he is duty bound as a doctor to protect others from serious communicable diseases, which is a justifiable reason for breaching the confidentiality of a patient (GMC 2001). At the same time it could be reasoned Bob does not want to disclose to Sue because of fear of discrimination. The Terence Higgins Trust website (2012) states that a 2010 survey revealed 66% of the public believed that there is still a dishonor attached to HIV.The findings go on to say that a huge majority of discrimination is found within the National Health Service, encountered from the likes of healthcare workers, dentists, superior general practicians and hospital staff. It continues by saying HIV prejudice can agree personal relationships and that fear and isolation can lead the infected person to mental health issues such as depression. The websitegoes on to express that these findings are supported by a 2012 study which highlighted one in quaternity HIV infected people had a current depressive disorder.The article further goes on to suggest that legislation such as the equating Act (2010) (Legislation 2010) gives people living with HIV protection against discrimination but also argues that it does not always stop injustices, and when discrimination occurs it can be high-priced to take legal action, especially with the current government cutting book binding on the legal aid budget. When it comes to making a difficult decision it could be argued that health and social care workers exact the support of colleagues. set Gomez may which to seek advice to help guide him in the situation, and the medical practitioner under the GMC (2001) guidelines is within his rights to discuss the situation with a colleague so long as this is done anonymously when consent is not given.This means that in accordance with the Data Protection Act (1998) the name, date of birth, gender, come up to and contact detail should remain confidential. However, Dr Gomez still unavoidably to protect his patients wishes to confidentiality even when consulting with another medical professional for example, Bobs General Practitioner (GP). Although HIV is infectious it would not be deemed as putting the GP at un required risk by not disclosing, as universal precautions, such as protective gloves, are in place to protect several(prenominal)s from infection, this indicates that if the GP follows these precautions they will be safe from spying the infection (GMC, 2001).As previously mentioned HIV can be spread from mother to unborn child, this is a nother important reason why either the doctor or Bob need to inform Sue, for both her and the childs health and safety. Porter et al, 2003, cited in Thorne and Newell (2005) convey the findings of a 2003 study, which indicated that two million women became newly infected with HIV mainly through heterosexual person transmission and that 630,000 children acquired the infection mostly through mother-to-child transmission in the same year.The article continues by stating that without antiretroviral therapy the median time between primary infection and the development of AIDS is approximately ten years, and AIDS to death virtually two years. Thorne and Newell (2005) further states and highlights that the use of antiretroviral therapy substantially delays the progression of HIV and are highly effective in reducing the transmission from mother-to-baby.In addition it also recommends the baby be deliveredvia an elective caesarean section, before the invasion of labour and membrane rupture , furthermore it advocates the use of formula feed rather than breast feeding. Finally, Thorne and Newell (2005) reveal that since 1999 all pregnant women are offered the option of being tested for HIV as part of their antenatal care, again this emphasises the need for Sue to be aware of her partners condition so as she can make an informed decision as to whether or not she should be tested.If Sue has not contracted HIV yet, she is still at great risk of doing so as HIV is spread through infected semen (NHS Choices, 2012), she and Bob may well be having unprotected carnal knowledge due to her already being pregnant as it is not necessary for them to use contraception to prevent an unplanned pregnancy. All this suggest Dr Gomez would be advised to take the utilitarian perspective in the case scenario, as there would be too many consequences for him if he took the deontological approach.He could not legally or morally justify non-disclosure. Finally, according to Rowe et al (2001), w ho carried out a study, on behalf of the World Health Organisation, in order to depict any inequalities within the treatment of patients, suggest it would be advisable for the topical anesthetic anaesthetic authorities to perform a Health Needs Assessment (HNA) of the local community. They explain the stages as a process which describes the health of the population, highlights major risk factors and causes of ill health and identifies the actions which are needed to address these issues. Rowe et al go on to recognise Bradshaws taxonomy of needs (Bradshaw 1972, cited in McLachlan 1972) they convey these needs as normative, for example the medical definition of HIV.The felt need, such as the need to have advice on having safe sex, the verbalised need for instance seeking advice about safe sex and finally the comparative need, offering a service that gives guidance on safe sex, only to those of a legal age. Rowe et al go on to argue that HNA is an important way of identifying inequ alities within the local community.This essay has critically analysed the ethical aspects of a case scenario which was based on the breaching of patients confidentiality. It reflects on the importance of consent and disclosure of confidential information and in addition it presents a balanced argument for potential harm of non-disclosure to all parties involved. Furthermore it has discussed and critically analysed the principles of legislation such as the Data Protection Act 1998 and the conflicts that arise through other Acts, inparticular the Human Rights Act 1998 and the Equality Act 2010.Penultimately this essay discusses how the use of the utilitarian and deontological perspectives can help an individual to formulate a legal resolution. Finally the case scenario emphasises the necessity for codes of conduct and legislation in a health and social care setting. These are in place to guide the professional to act in an permit legal and ethical manner.